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Regulation of Mitochondrial Function by Bioactive Sphingolipids
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2-1, April 2015
Pages:
1-7
Received:
24 November 2014
Accepted:
18 December 2014
Published:
10 February 2015
Abstract: Sphingolipids such as ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate [S1P] are key regulators of various cellular functions. Sphingolipids mediates of cell-stress responses and regulate mitochondrial function. Ceramide and its metabolites play an important role in the development and progression of mitochondria related disorders. Ceramide functions as an important second messenger in apoptosis signaling and is generated by de novo synthesis, sphingomyelin hydrolysis, or recycling of sphingolipids. S1P, a potent signaling sphingolipid exerts myriads of pathophysiological function, including lymphocyte trafficking, angiogenesis, vascular development and inflammation. This review is focused on the role of signaling sphingolipids, such as S1P, sphingosine, and ceramide-1 phosphate on mitochondrial function, particularly mitochondrial respiratory function, apoptosis and calcium homeostasis. Further, we discuss the role of sphingolipids in mitochondrial diseases and targeting them for drug development. This review article is a part of special issue on Mitochondria: Implications in human health and disease.
Abstract: Sphingolipids such as ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate [S1P] are key regulators of various cellular functions. Sphingolipids mediates of cell-stress responses and regulate mitochondrial function. Ceramide and its metabolites play an important role in the development and progression of mitochondria related disorders. Ceramide functi...
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Mitochondrial Alteration: A Major Player in Carcinogenesis
Lokendra Kumar Sharma,
Meenakshi Tiwari,
Santosh Kumar Mishra
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2-1, April 2015
Pages:
8-16
Received:
28 January 2015
Accepted:
28 January 2015
Published:
10 February 2015
Abstract: In recent years we have witnessed mounting evidences on how a normal cell changes its cellular signaling and metabolic pathways to become highly proliferative cancer cell. Since mitochondrion is a major hub of energy production and several metabolic pathways, it is taking the center stage in defining alterations in energy homeostasis and metabolic rerouting of cancer cell proliferation. Similarly, mutations in the mitochondrial genome in cancer are providing new insights on how these mutations affect mitochondrial functions and change the oncogenic signaling and apoptosis mechanism. In this review, we will summarize these important mitochondrial mechanisms that contribute significantly in the progression of cancer. Further therapeutic approaches targeted to these altered mitochondrial mechanism in cancer are discussed. This review is a part of special issue on Mitochondria: implications in human health and diseases.
Abstract: In recent years we have witnessed mounting evidences on how a normal cell changes its cellular signaling and metabolic pathways to become highly proliferative cancer cell. Since mitochondrion is a major hub of energy production and several metabolic pathways, it is taking the center stage in defining alterations in energy homeostasis and metabolic ...
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The Mechanisms of Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Chemotherapy
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2-1, April 2015
Pages:
17-21
Received:
3 February 2015
Accepted:
27 February 2015
Published:
12 March 2015
Abstract: Cell metabolism and signal transduction has usually been considered independent processes. Interestingly mitochondria is an intracellular organelle that perform energy production to fuel the cell to carry out its normal functions, however, in certain circumstances, its components can also carry out programmed cell destruction via its resident proteins. In this review, the role of mitochondria and its component proteins in inducing apoptotic programmed cell death is discussed. The role of Bcl-2 family proteins that set up the mitochondria induced apoptotic threshold is also described. Further, how the metabolic stress leads to mitochondrial dysfunction via increased generation of reactive oxygen species are discussed. This article is a part of a special issue on mitochondria summarizes the induction of intracellular pathways that converge on mitochondria and ultimately impact the success of chemotherapeutic interventions.
Abstract: Cell metabolism and signal transduction has usually been considered independent processes. Interestingly mitochondria is an intracellular organelle that perform energy production to fuel the cell to carry out its normal functions, however, in certain circumstances, its components can also carry out programmed cell destruction via its resident prote...
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Interaction Between Mitochondria and Caspases: Apoptotic and Non-Apoptotic Roles
Meenakshi Tiwari,
Lokendra Kumar Sharma,
Ajit K. Saxena,
Madan M. Godbole
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2-1, April 2015
Pages:
22-30
Received:
27 February 2015
Accepted:
9 March 2015
Published:
20 March 2015
Abstract: Mitochondria, play an important role in a variety of processes including energy production, apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation. Caspases, are proteases that play an essential role in mediating apoptotic process of programmed cell death. An association between mitochondria and caspases is very well defined during apoptosis. Besides apoptosis, emerging data is strongly suggesting a direct association between mitochondria and caspases in regulation of a variety of non-apoptotic processes such as mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, immune responses and differentiation. On one hand mitochondria regulate activation and localization of caspases, caspases also regulate mitochondrial function, thus a feedback loop exist between mitochondria and caspases to regulate a variety of processes. In this review, we have focused on interaction between caspases and mitochondria in the regulation of each other for mediating a variety of apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions. Since both mitochondria and caspases play an important role in development of a variety of diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, immune disorders, accelerated aging; understanding association between the two will pave the way for better understanding and designing the therapeutics modalities for a variety of diseases. This review is a part of special issue on mitochondria: implication in human health and diseases.
Abstract: Mitochondria, play an important role in a variety of processes including energy production, apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation. Caspases, are proteases that play an essential role in mediating apoptotic process of programmed cell death. An association between mitochondria and caspases is very well defined during apoptosis. Besides apoptosis, eme...
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Mitochondria: A Key Player in Stem Cell Fate
Nadra Sadaf,
Jawaid Ahsan,
Saif Ahmad,
Rizwanul Haque
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2-1, April 2015
Pages:
31-37
Received:
28 February 2015
Accepted:
1 May 2015
Published:
9 June 2015
Abstract: Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo cycles of fusion and fission important for their function, maintenance, and quality control as well as direct or indirect role in different types of stem cells fate decisions. Stem cells have potential for numerous biomedical applications; however the major bottle neck in stem cell field is the stem cell differentiation and maintenance of stemness of stem cells. The regulatory factor involved in stem cell fate decision and stem cell development is not clear. Recent report suggests that mitochondria also play a role in maintenance of pluripotency and cell fate decision. This review mainly cover the role of mitochondria, reactive oxygen species and change in mitochondria structure and functions during cell fate decision in different types of major group of stem cells. This article is a part of special issue on Mitochondria.
Abstract: Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo cycles of fusion and fission important for their function, maintenance, and quality control as well as direct or indirect role in different types of stem cells fate decisions. Stem cells have potential for numerous biomedical applications; however the major bottle neck in stem cell field is th...
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